Twelfth Night Analysis Essay Example For Students

Twelfth Night Analysis Essay William Shakespeares Twelfth Night is set in a province called Illyria on the coast of Italy. The play is about a brother and sister, Sebastian and Viola, who are separated after a shipwreck, and both think the other has drowned. The play tells the tale of how they were eventually reunited. There are a wide range of characters in the play; ranging from Malvolio, Olivias steward, who is very self-centred with no sense of humour to Sir Toby who is always out enjoying himself and really just lives a life of pleasure. A caring character is Viola; she is not ne to upset other people. Olivia receives a lot of sympathy because she is mourning for her brother. Orsino has a comfortable but useless existence. He is rich but sits moping about love all day. All of these characters are different and each have their faults such as Sir Toby may be criticised for taking a lot of Sir Andrews money whereas Violas fault is that she is too nice, never wanting to cause anyone any harm. This is a fault be cause it may hold her back from doing a something that she should. We will write a custom essay on Twelfth Night Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I think that Shakespeare has given the characters faults to ake them more interesting and realistic. Malvolio tries to impress Olivia but it does not work. Although she respects him she does not favour him, as he thinks, for having a good job. He is good at his job but should enjoy himself instead of thinking himself all the time. This is one thing that makes him an unlikeable character also he considers himself to be superior to other characters but no one really likes him and he does not know what they really think of him. Although he mostly cares about himself some of his love goes to Olivia. I think that he wants to be romantic but has a hard time expressing his feelings or does not want people to know what hes really like. His character does not really develop throughout the play, and I disliked him as much at the end as I did at the start of the play. Sir Toby is a likeable character because he does not care what anyone thinks of him, if they do not like him, they will just have to put up with it. People think he should be a respectable gentleman and act his age but he finds acting like everyone else stuffy and claustrophobic. Sir Toby is certainly not a model gentleman but when he drinks his behaviour is even worse. He does not have a lot of money. He may have had more but living a life of pleasure has changed that. He is criticised for living a life of pleasure but at least, unlike some other characters, he is genuine, he does not try to be anything he is not, and this is one of the reasons why Maria loves him. Although Sir Toby is a likeable Character his practical jokes do tend to get tiresome as the play wears on. Olivia, Sir Tobys niece, is not ike him at all. She is a well off countess who is respectable and acts the way she should. Olivia receives a lot of sympathy because she has lost her father and her brother, but Sir Toby does not think that her grieving is genuine. Olivia is quite a likeable character but I think that she is taking it a bit too far, saying she will never love another man again. It is likely that she enjoys all of the attention and sympathy that she is getting. Viola, the sister of Sebastian, has a lot going for her; she is intelligent, tactful, honest nd well educated and able to deal with people better than the other characters. She is a caring character who likes to get things done, she isnt one to just sit back and do nothing or let others do things for her. Being caring is one of Violas main features. She does not like to upset or hurt people and she would not mock people or make fun of them behind their backs. She carried out her commands and even though she was put in an awkward position she did not refuse for fear of upsetting someone. Some of Violas lines are he most poetic of the entire play and therefore, perhaps, are the ones which will be remembered the most. Duke Orsino does not seem to have much character or personality. .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b , .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b .postImageUrl , .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b , .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b:hover , .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b:visited , .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b:active { border:0!important; } .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b:active , .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4bea9f9b2829dc9e8b39faae14048a5b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Comparison Contrast of A Brave New World and 1984 EssayHe seems not to do very much, he has an almost useless existence; he just sits about moping about love. He is rich and has a comfortable existence with lots of servants. He seems young and immature, and does not have the same wisdom or knowledge as Viola and Sir Toby do. He is not an imposing figure, but it is possible that there is more to him than meets the eye. Orsino has ried with Maria but has not succeeded because she is in love with Sir Toby. It is too hard to form an opinion of him because he isnt a very noticeable character. I think that Viola emerges with credit at the end of the play because her only fault is that she is too nice so she could not be criticised for anything. Two characters who I think come out of the play badly are Sir Toby and Malvolio. Both of these characters can be annoying at times, and although Toby may have started off well he does end up quite boring, whereas Malvolio, on the other hand, was never a likeable character. Twelfth Night Analysis Essay Example For Students Twelfth Night Analysis Essay of Othello as a tragic hero and his correspondence to the canons for tragic protagonists. Othello and Aristotles Definition of Tragedy To decide how well Othello fits into the mold of a tragic hero, one needs to accept in the first place a working definition of tragedy and tragic hero. The theorists exploring tragedy almost universally draw upon the classic account of this play variety in Aristotles Poetics. The prominent Greek philosopher defined a heroic tragedy in the following way: A truly tragic plot is a disastrous reversal of fortune, coming, through his own fault, to a man of essentially noble quality, accompanied by the discovery that some other person or persons are not what they had seemedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ test of a great tragedy is its power to cleanse the beholders emotions through the pity and fear which it awakens in them Othello: the tragic hero. This cleansing that is realised through pity and fear was termed catharsis and is an indispensable feature of any tragedy. We will write a custom essay on Twelfth Night Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Besides, a tragedy needs a character of noble quality, guilty of some kind of fault that brings about tragic events. A tragedy also has to present to the reader a plot possessing some logical unity and completion and the one that contains engaging action. Aristotle also specified that a tragedy has to include appropriate linguistic devices that serve to bring out its meaning Time and the tragic hero. Most critics stopped short of saying that Shakespeare was aware of Aristotelian theories and took them as a guide for writing Time and the tragic hero; Djordjevic 2003. However, his tragedies reveal strict adherence to Aristotles theory, and Othello is no exception. Whether this correspondence was caused by a thorough study of Aristotles works or through an accidental coincidence of thoughts of two geniuses of the worlds culture remains a matter for guessing. Thus, the play definitely possesses a noble character, Othello. The mans nobility of action contrasts with his dark-colored appearance, unusual for Europe of that time. Othello proved himself to be a noble warrior deserving of the highest respect. He never acts dishonestly or cowardly throughout the play; in fact, nobility is one of the most important features of his character. Yet he fails through his own fault, and this fault is his credibility. An essentially good feature, it is taken to extremes in Othello, which causes his demise. He never stoops to questioning Desdemona. He is so absorbed in what Iago tells him that he never questions the words of the villain. At the time when the vicious Iago weaves his web of conspiracy, gullible Othello greets him with the words: I know thou art full of love and honesty. Therefore, Othello is not with bitterness, confessing that his ruin was brought about by his own failure: O cursed, cursed slave! Whip me, ye devils, from the possession of the heavenly sight! Blow me about the winds! roast me in sulphur! O Desdemona, Desdemona Dead! O! O! O! Othello as a play also fits Aristotle description as it contains logical unity and coherence that is a necessary component of tragedy. The play starts from the moment of idyllic honeymooning between Othello and Desdemona and follows Iagos treacherous plan from inception to its tragic success. Othellos sufferings in youth and the story of his courtship stay behind the scene, but in Othellos account they form an logical background for the action observed by the viewer. Othello evokes in the readers both pity and fear. They are pressured to feel sorry for the man who so sadly loses his wife due to a conspiracy. The pity for Othello even exceeds the feeling for Desdemona who is merely a victim; she does not have to suffer the pangs of conscience for what she has done. At the same time pity is not the only feeling Othello evokes in the readers or viewers. He also raises fear as a man capable of such a savage revenge, killing a wife on the spot for the alleged adultery. It seems that even at the time of more stringent morality such as mediaeval Italy not every husband would go that far as to kill the adulteress. This is even less likely in Elizabethan England, and so had to seem even wilder to Shakespeares contemporaries. Othellos reaction demonstrates that he was a man of extremely hot temper and strong emotions, capable of venting his sentiments in a very violent way. Othello: A Stock Comic Character? .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd , .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd .postImageUrl , .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd , .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd:hover , .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd:visited , .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd:active { border:0!important; } .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd:active , .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1e32c7f3a178f5673b35f05a7039e9bd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Night Of The Hunter: The Preacher EssayAlthough the standard view is to see Othello as a purely tragic character, other, mopre unusual interpretations are possible. Igor Djordjevic in his article Goodnight Desdemona Good Morning Juliet: From Shakespearean Tragedy to Postmodern Satyr Play points out an interesting aspect of Othellos character. In his view, Othello could have been a comic fellow instead, and he is inverted into a tragic hero by the playwright. Othello is a character typical of comedies; a husband whose wife is much younger and more beautiful, and thus raises fears of being deceived. However, Othello does not fit into the regular model of a husband whose worries are to be derided. At the outset of the play he appears as a lover who must obtain the legitimization of his courtship of Desdemona, and he must overcome the multiple obstacles of the senex, racial prejudice, and religious charges of witchcraft Djordjevic 2003. It is his painful pursuit of Desdemona whom he had to steal to be able to marry her that wins him the hearts of the reader. Shakespeare depicts the trials of Othello, a victim to racial bias, in such a way that the reader begins to sympathise with the late love of this great man, the swan song of his life that is already to some degree tragic. Seeing him lose what he worked so hard to attain endears him to the reader even more. Othello evokes pity in the reader partly due to the fact that he experienced so many hardships in life that the skilful narrative of these hardships eventually won him Desdemonas heart: She loved me for the dangers I had passed, And I loved her that she did pity them. The playwright tries here to instil in the reader sympathy with the old soldier who fought desperately for his love going through many hardships. The listener responds by saying I think this tale would win my daughter too, and this approval symbolically à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ upon him the approval and affection of the fictional worlds power structures Djordjevic 2003. Is Othello Real? Now we will turn in our discussion to a possible objection to the fact that Othello is a tragic hero. Some criticism of his belonging to this category comes from the speculation concerning the realism and probability conveyed by Othello which suggests that because of the seeming unlikelihood of the events in the play, it is not characteristic of a tragedy Sharina. Indeed, the plot develops in a rather speedy manner and the playwright does not elaborate on Othellos or other characters. Even so, the action seems unrealistic only at first glance. First, it is a mode of the artist to show the public the unusual and the unexpected basing these things on the knowledge of everyday things that are familiar to everybody. Shakespeare here makes his audience see jealousy in a new light, and it is no wonder that the name of Othello has come to be a generic name for a jealous husband. It is positive that reading through the story had a deterrent effect on the behaviour of many violent husbands who could have stopped short of beating their wives to death in a family quarrel provoked by suspicions of infidelity. And is such a scenario an unlikely one? Women die in family battles even in most developed nations of the world today, and the examination of domestic violence statistics may show that wife murder is unfortunately still a prevalent phenomenon even after centuries of struggle for gender equality and reduction of crime rate. If we consider that things that are unusual in our own environment may unfortunately be prevalent in the lives of other social groups, we will see that events in Othello are not that unusual. The fact that Othello is easily persuaded to murder his wife by Iago should not be regarded as totally unrealistic either. This is what Aristotle would describe as hamartia à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the characters tragic flaw. For Othello, it is his naivetÃÆ' © and credulousness. His devotion comes to be exploited by one of the most ingenious villains in the history of literature. Iagos motives appear clear. Indeed, so many evil actions are committed every day due to jealousness that Iagos behaviour should not be surprising. In this character, viciousness is combined with deep psychological insight and potential for intrigue that are worthy of a better application. To count as Othellos close friend and ally, Iago had to be an outstanding player skilfully performing the part of the devoted ensign. He manipulates Othello to bring about his ruin in a way in which Othello would never be able to manipulate him. The events in the play may lead the reader to question why Othello is so ready to trust Iago and unwilling to trust his beloved wife Desdemona, a fact that generates the protagonists tragic flaw. .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c , .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c .postImageUrl , .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c , .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c:hover , .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c:visited , .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c:active { border:0!important; } .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c:active , .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9596c343747ab067670ec7e2795c610c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How To Cite A Short Story In An EssayThere several possible explanations for this apparently surprising behavior. First, Othello has come to rely on Iago in numerous mutual adventures where both risked their lives. The time itself spent together justifies the trust Othello puts in Iago. Perhaps to that point he had never come across the betrayal of a close male friend, except for Cassio, but there the conflict, in Iagos suggestion, was caused by the woman. Second, Othellos relationship with Desdemona arrived at the time when he probably had lost hope for a happy family life. She appeared as a star on the horizon to illuminate his life, and all the time he probably doubted that he could be a proper match for the beautiful girl she was. The idea that she is betraying him with someone else, someone younger, more handsome and closer to her in terms of background, social rank and status, falls on ready ears. This is something Othello had feared to hear for a long time, in spite of the seemingly idyllic love between him and his wife. Thus, Othellos actions seem closer and more understandable to us than seems at first glance. And it is action, not characterization that makes a tragedy, according to Aristotle Sharina. That is why he is a real tragic character. Comparison to Other Tragic Heroes Othello is similar to and different from other characters in other plays by Shakespeare. Of all the characters, he probably falls most of all due to his own tragic fault, and Aristotles hamartia is most evident in this case. Other characters such as King Lear, Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo, have to fight evil in a more open form. Hamlet, for instance, has to deal with the betrayal of his father-in-law and mother. True, he has to obtain proof of their betrayal, which is the reason he suspends the revenge desired by his father. But there is hardly a reason to blame Hamlet from the point of view of modern liberal criminal justice that places emphasis on preserving the rights of the suspected. Hamlet acts on the evidence he has, and his indecisiveness is the direct consequence of his responsible attitude towards revenge. King Lear, in his turn, falls victim to his paternal feelings. His misfortune was brought about by his extreme trust in his daughters, but few readers would expect a father to act in distrust of ones children. Mothers and fathers forsaking all they have for their children are praised and respected in our society that highly appreciates such behavior. The fact that daughters turned out to lack gratitude is an example of undisguised evil that can, as many people think, happen to the best of parents. These two characters are definitely not villains; rather, they fall prey to evil people eager to take advantage of some traits of their characters that under other circumstances are most worthy. Strictly speaking, their actions cannot even be named mistakes from the moral, not strategic, point of view. Macbeth, on the other hand, is a straightforward villain, and his ruin is the result of his own treacherous acts. He yields to ambition, killing Duncan, to become King of Scotland. A virtuous reader has little ground to associate oneself with this character and simply observes a tale of how a villain is brought to ruin through his deeds. Othello, on the other hand, is essentially a moral person who fails through making a terrible mistake. Conclusion Thus, Othello is a bona fide tragic hero, even if he is not a man of unusual stature or appearance. He possesses all the vital traits of the tragic character, noble qualities, pure character, and a tragic fault, his naivetÃÆ' © that makes him vulnerable to the intrigues of his antagonist, Iago. A staple comic character, a deceived husband, he is turned into a really tragic personage by the sympathy with which Shakespeare describes his misfortune. His tribulations, although somewhat unrealistic at first glance, are in line with the everyday happenings even in contemporary world. Othello stands out from other tragic heroes, because he falls through his own flaw and yet his flaw is so minor that is incomparable with the misfortunes he suffers.

Costly Business Case Utilities Co.

Costly Business Case Utilities Co. Introduction Utilities Co. was keen on cutting 120 jobs because of the tough economic climate and escalating competition. Maree Davis, the HR Manager of the company was at the centre point of implementing the plan of cutting the workforce.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Costly Business Case: Utilities Co. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The CEO indicated that the redundancies were voluntary, but it emerged later that the plan targeted specific workers in the middle level management. The strategy of downsizing the workforce had two stages. The first stage was to make a public statement on the intention to dismiss employees and the second stage was to use targeted redundancies. However, the announcement invited attention from the press and state politicians because of industrial action to protect jobs. Similarly, the announcement led to severe work-related stress as many employees were in fear of losing their jo bs. In particular, the company received negative messages from the press and customers who were dissatisfied with service delivery at the time. As HR manager, Maree found it difficult to implement the strategy because she felt that the CEO’s decision was challenging and it was virtually impossible to identify 120 redundant jobs. Although she received voluntary redundancies from 52 employees, there was a lot of dissatisfaction. On the other hand, the CEO was relentless on implementing the layoff plan despite efforts for negations from the union and advice from HR department. Surprisingly, the targeted redundancies did not express interest in voluntary redundancy, thus triggering the need to enter the second phase of the plan.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At this point, Maree resigned from his position because she felt that the decision to lay off many older employees could lead to troubles with Human Rights Commission. Therefore, this paper analyses the case of Utilities Co. with reference to HR implications of the CEO’s announcement to lay off 120 staff. The paper also explains the OHS concerns that arose in response to the announcement, and outlines recommendations to improve OHS during layoffs. Similarly, the third section of this paper evaluates the impact of industrial action on the organisation. Finally, the recommendation section discuses an ideal organisation’s plan to communicate the layoff decision to employees and managers. HR Implications of CEO’s Announcement to Lay off Staff The CEO’s announcement emerged because of the claims that the Utilities Co. was experiencing tough economic times and increasing competition. As a result, the company wanted to get rid of underperforming staff to remain competitive in its market segment. The CEO was in an unfortunate position of determining the bette r alternative of dismissing workers. The announcement was an indication that the company was determined to downsize its workforce, but the figure was quite alarming and consequently led to shock and disorder within the company. The workers, including the HR manager, were unhappy about the announcement because it would cost them their positions in the company. In addition, the announcement implied that the company’s management was poor because it elicited some interesting facts about employment relationship within the company. First, Maree had identified that the company had few workers in some significant areas.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Costly Business Case: Utilities Co. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This meant that it was difficult to identify 120 redundant jobs despite the CEO’s suggestion that the exercise targeted underperforming middle managers. Second, the company did not relate w ell with its employees because expert staff expressed interest in voluntary redundancies, but the target group did not express interest in the process. This meant that the company was to lose its productive workforce. It is surprising how the company lacks proper procedures of communicating lay offs to its employees. In the light of the HR conflicts brought about by CEO’s announcements, it is essential to understand employment relationship in managing workplace relations. The perspectives of employment relationship help us to understand how an employee and an employer relate. Employment relationship entails managing staff for successful objectives of the organisation while taking into consideration worker’s anticipations (Chambliss, 2007). However, Utilities Co. did not consider the expectations of employees with regards to work ethics, moral, team contribution skills, motivation, and general aptitude. Furthermore, findings from studies indicate that employment relatio n is mainly open-ended, spontaneous, and an inclusion of contradictory theories about conflict, control, and regulation. The perspectives of employment relations are: utilitarianism, pluralism, and Marxism (Bateman Snell, 2009).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the pluralist view of employment relationship is a good example of explaining the situation at the company. Pluralists perceive an organisation comprising of powerful and different sub-groups, including management and trade unions. This viewpoint considers conflicts as a common aspect in organisation because the employer and employees have dissimilar interests; the CEO’s objective is to reduce the number of employees in order to cut down the company’s expenses while employees’ interest is retaining their occupations and enhancing their welfare. Kramar et al. (2011) argue that different organisations with disparate management also engage in establishing guidelines of employment. Detection and control of conflicts is imperative in determining the best approaches of problem solving. Additionally, the management’s role is to coordinate and persuade employees to harmonize the different interests rather than enforcing rules that would compromise negoti ations. Trade unions are recognized as genuine agents of employees, thus such organizations advocate for collecting bargaining which helps in dealing with conflicts. Thus, employers should accept and expect to resolve conflicts through legitimate measures of dealing with disagreements (Brewster, 2008). According to Roethlisberger (2009), pluralism derives its ideas from the point of view of Donovan Commission, which started in 1965 to assess the rising conflicts in industrial relations practices. Pluralism was important in its analysis on management: unlike the unitary approach where there are no authentic grounds for conflicts, managers in a pluralistic system should accept conflicts and seek feasible procedures of avoiding them. Thus, the first basis of pluralism is that the organisation should have industrial relations and personnel professionals who provide staffing and collective bargaining counsel to managers (Brewster, 2007). Second, external arbitrators are required to help in conflict resolution. Third, the management should recognize trade unions when analysing employee sentiments. Finally, the management should establish a good environment for collecting bargaining with union representatives. Therefore, it is apparent that successful industrial relations involvements such as collective bargaining can resolve disputes. Unlike the unitary system, the pluralist theory provides alternative solutions to conflicts, thus the management must exercise control and regulation, considering the requirements of trade unions and the state. Similarly, pluralist engage all participants in conflict resolution, thus favourable solutions are open to discussion. This follows the notion that conflicts are important in understanding the major tensions in an organisation and therefore the management should not ignore them. Furthermore, the theory advocates for divergent employee relations rules. Some organizations can decide to deal with employee organizations instead of t rade unions, while other organizations can work with trade unions to enhance employee commitment. In essence, pluralism is appropriate for a collective industrial relations system because trade unions are involved in conflict resolution (Bateman Snell, 2009). However, the major disadvantage of pluralist perspective, which the case depicts, is emphasis on rules and procedures, but it ignores other factors that affect or contribute to resolving disputes. For example, through industrial relations, organisations can formulate rules that determine the steps of resolving conflicts. However, such rules may not apply to different working environment. Likewise, the theory fails to note that the state not only considers the interests of the public, but also business interests. Dekler (2007) argue that focusing on employee interest may hinder the process of collective bargaining. Likewise, the redundancies raised equity issues within the company. The concept of equity relates to satisfaction in relation to expectations of fair and/or unfair allocation of resources in the HR perspective (Kramar, 2011). The equity issues depicted in the company are flexible work and discrimination. The communication strategy assumed by the CEO and organisational factors affected the flexibility of work. According to Boxall Baron (2004), essential communication, from Human Resource perspective, stresses the open relations between the organisation and employees. This results to goals being realized, which in turn improve the company’s performance. However, Utilities Co. did not express the need to enhance effective communication. The management communicated the lay off news without considering workers’ reactions. As a result, employees exhibited low productivity since the customers were complaining. Several factors affect work behaviour. First, people within the company have different positions, relations, and views. The relationship between individuals of various departments with regards to management level determines how they behave. Workers tend to conform to their line manager more often as compared to managers of other departments (Godard, 2010). Customers also influence the way employees perform their duties, as there exist the need to satisfy customers. In addition, organisational goals shape the way employees work. The goals of an organisation are the reason for existence. Managers direct the activities of the organisation to the attainment of goals. The goals of an organisation will determine the nature of its inputs and outputs, the series of activities to acquire the inputs, and interactions with its external environment (Decenzo Silhanek, 2002). Furthermore, culture reflects the underlying assumptions about the way of performing work; what is acceptable and not acceptable, and what actions and behaviour are encouraged and discouraged within a company. Organisational structure underlines the manner of arranging individuals and groups with re spect to the task they perform. The culture and structure of an organisation develop over time and in response to a complex set of factors affecting work behaviour. The key factors that affect the development of any corporate culture include history, primary function and technology, goals and objectives, size, location, management and staffing, and the environment (Schmidt, 2009). On the other hand, discrimination was evident through the redundancies. As outlined by Maree, the CEO targeted older employees who held managerial positions and were receiving higher wages. Such employees were mainly 50 or older, and a move to lay them off would imply that the company discriminates people according to age. Similarly, the CEO’s argument that the targeted groups were underperforming was inconsequential because the team manages and controls the organisation; laying them off would worsen the current situation. OHS Concerns in Response to the Announcement The announcement to downsize the workforce had adverse effects on staff safety, health, and welfare. Lay offs often entail major changes to work processes because there is redistribution of tasks to a smaller number of staff, alterations to job descriptions, and changes to training (White-Means Hersch, 2005; Quill, 2005). The first reaction to the announcement was shock, which led to fear and decreased productivity. In addition, the OHS team received stress-related claims from workers who expressed their stress through anxiety disorders and depression. For instance, an employee became physically violent towards colleagues. In particular, Maree experienced stress-related sickness in the process of making difficult decisions within a short time. She was in a dilemma while trying to identify 120 redundant jobs and improving understaffed areas. For example, industrial action compromised the process because the HR staff received numerous abusive messages from both the press and customers; Maree ignored the messages, b ut felt sick. Besides, the CEO gave a short notice to persuade Maree to execute the layoff plans. According to Quinlan (2007), job insecurity and bad working relations (as the ones depicted in the case) correlate with undesirable effects on worker safety and health because there are fears that arise from new informal means of communication between employees. However, the OHS team in the company was overwhelmed with complaints from distressed staff members. Similarly, some unsatisfied staff accepted the call for voluntary redundancies, which led to cutbacks in customer service areas. This indicates that the organisation was not keen on supporting staff affected by the announcement; it is surprising that the CEO was happy with the process, and he did not consider worker’s wellbeing. For instance, Maree had to support her own staff and other organisational activities because many workers were unable or reluctant to adjust to the changes in workplace conditions. In light of OHS c oncerns in the organisation, the OHS team should embark on a risk assessment of the OHS effects of the layoffs, discuss with employees and their representatives, and manage the risks without interfering with current OHS standards (Dragano, Verde, Siegrist, 2005). This is in a bid to improve OHS during layoffs. The risks stem from personal factors that affect work behaviour. The HR department should assess the factors that affect work behaviour during layoffs. Work behaviour analysis encompasses the methodical assessment of the nature and components of a well-defined job (Armstrong Baron, 2004). The OHS team should identify individual differences such as gender, marital status, and tenure because they affect work behaviour. The obvious differences between men and women affect job performance. There exist no systematic male and female differences in analytical abilities, competitive focus, problem-solving skills, and decision-making skills. Researchers believe that women are more wi lling to abide by the rule of work and men are insistent and more likely to have expectations of achievement (Johnstone, Quinlan, Walters, 2005). Another issue that seems to differ between male and female employees is the preference for job environment; women mainly prefer an organisation that caters for their wellbeing (Mullins, 2004). For instance, Maree found that some women accepted voluntary redundancies because the organisation does not respect people. Work experience through tenure also affects work behaviour. Moreover, if person stays long in a job, chances are few that he or she will quit. Thus, tenure and satisfaction are concurrently related (Moore, Grunberg, Geenberg, 2004). This explains why the old employees of Utilities Co. were reluctant in taking voluntary redundancies. In essence, the equity officer analysed the demographic profile of workers who had quit their jobs on voluntary redundancies and found that many younger staff and women had taken redundancies. Seco nd, personality tends to predict behaviour and happiness related to work. These behaviours include absenteeism, performance, and team effectiveness. Personality matters when we combine different personality, thus achieving a stronger relationship between work performance and personality. Third, what people perceive determine how they perform their work-related activities. For instance, the layoff announcement shocked workers because they knew that their jobs were insecure, and therefore they felt disappointed by the organisation. Fourth, values help individuals to determine what is good, right, or desirable. Values help in the analysis of organisational behaviour and hence managers can be able to accommodate individuals from different cultures. Since values differ across cultures, understanding such differences is helpful in predicting employee behaviour from various cultures. Finally, attitudes affect work behaviour because they reflect how employees feel about the work. Attitude i nvolves the aspects of cognition, affect and behaviour. Cognitive facet of an attitude is a belief in something; for instance, grapevine is wrong. Affective facet of attitude is the emotional or feeling part of attitude, while behavioural facet of an attitude is an intention to act in a particular way towards somebody or something (Sverke, Hellgren, Naswall, 2002). Another recommendation for Utilities Co. is to provide help documents on layoffs to explain the role of OHS team and staff in order to improve OHS. The documents should take into consideration the factors explained in the previous paragraphs because they are the ones that lead to health issues during downsizing. The Impact of Industrial Action on the Organisation The workers union responded to the layoff announcement by engaging in industrial action in order to prevent massive layoffs. The union felt that the redundancy process was unfair. As one of the steps towards industrial action, the union applied for protected ind ustrial action through the Fair Work Australia (FWA). Besides, the union though that the pending enterprise bargaining agreement (EBA) was one of the major contributing factors of the redundancies. In light of the union campaign, there was keen interest from the media and national politicians because Utilities Co. was a big and formerly state owned business. This made the CEO to engage the company’s lawyers in devising plans to proceed with layoffs. The CEO defended his decisions by citing that the company wanted to stay afloat in the current economic problems. Besides, he agreed to proceed with negotiations on a new EBA because of pressure from the union. However, the ongoing industrial action surpassed the hostile meetings as it became gradually more disruptive and reduced the quality of service delivery. The company received many customer complaints and it was difficult to reach out to new customers because constant negative press was taking effect. Many HR workers receive d abusive e-mails and experiences emotional stress. However, the union did not achieve its major objective because the company proceeded to subsequent processes of cutting down its workforce. The industrial action only tainted the company’s image and facilitated the layoff process. Interestingly, the company postponed the EBA negotiations because of industrial action. In fact, the EBA meetings were not successful because the union opted for industrial action before considering the option of negotiations. The fallout of EBA negotiations meant that the company was determined to lay off employees. Although the CEO indicated that the redundancies were voluntary, the second phase of downsizing was compulsory redundancies, which targeted one third of middle management positions. The union could have opted for negotiation with the company through collective bargaining. Since there was an existing EBA, it was necessary to cite the guidelines in the agreement to avoid conflicts. In th e negotiations, the union could have cited unfair dismissal laws to persuade the company to retain workers or offer notice and full redundancy benefits (Artz, 2010). Another argument that the union could have used in the negotiation is that the company breached the Australian labour laws because the redundancies were not genuine. According to Decenzo Silhanek (2002), redundancy arises where an employer does not require a worker’s job and someone else cannot take the work. However, from the case, Maree found out that some important areas within the Utilities Co. were having few staff and it was difficult to identify 120 redundant jobs. In fact, it would be appropriate to consider the company’s action as unfair termination. This could have been a good discussion point because unfair dismissal laws is important to make sure both that employees can confront unjust termination, and to act as a guideline for employees who would layoff workers unfairly. In essence, understan ding the unfair dismissal laws could have been a significant step in ensuring safety and fairness in Utilities Co. Recommendations Maree resigned from her HR position because she was unable to work under pressure. This is evident because abuses from customers made her sick. If I were in the same position, I would not have resigned because such challenges are common in the workplace and it was a matter of executing what the company had initiated, but the process was wrong. Maree should have conducted thorough investigation of the company and communicated her findings to the CEO. However, she did not provide feasible suggestions to the CEO. For instance, Maree noticed that the company had few workers in some critical areas, but she did not explain it to the CEO. The CEO needed assurance that the company can weather the tough economic climate and increasing communication without necessarily cutting down the workforce. Maree failed to identify other significant factors that contribute t o productivity. The best approaches of increasing workplace productivity are positive management and good communication. In the place of work, managers who exercise positive means and enhance positive behaviour can achieve positive results. The managers must have broad knowledge and act as the intellectuals of the organisation. When disagreements arise within the organisation, it is the manager who advices the administrators on the approach to employ towards solving the problem amicably. Other matters that require the counsel of HR manager include appraisal, training, recruitment and incorporations (Kramar et al., 2011). As a matter of consideration, the manager understands the capacity of the organisation much more than anybody else. For instance, the manager is responsible for designing the tasks for every employee and thus he/she has to be involved when the organisation intends to hire and/or layoff staff (Dekler, 2007). Moreover, with regards to the layoff decision by the CEO, t he ideal organisation plan to communicate the decision would include good communication strategies, honesty, respect towards employees, asking feedback, ensuring commitment to employees’ safety and wellbeing. First, the organisation should share all the information regarding layoffs, citing the major reasons and implications to workers. The management should not imagine that workers understand the message at once or communicate only when all details are available. Consistent and accurate information is better in order to avoid rumours. Second, clarity of the decision to layoff workers might help them prepare, thus avoiding distractions like stress (Maertz et al., 2010). If the company does not know the exact number of redundancies, it is important to suggest a reasonable number. The company should make promises that are conceivable through exercising credibility. Third, the organisation should have guidelines that allow room for respect and dignity towards employees. For inst ance, a manager can exercise respect through giving the dismissed worker a chance to say goodbyes or letting him time to thank and/or receive thanks from colleagues. Fourth, the organisation should ask for feedback from various sources. Listening to employee’s suggestions or questions enhances organisational support to workers. The HR managers can administer questions, such as: How can we communicate better the layoff decision? Are there any major issues regarding how the layoffs are conducted? (Hershey, Blanchard, Johnson, 2008). Finally, it is important to restate the organisation’s commitment to health and welfare where possible. The organisation should focus on safety by expressing the likely effects of layoffs and the necessary reactions expected from employees to reduce the effects. For instance, a supervisor can take some time to ask each affected employee in his line of work how they are fairing with the changes. In this case, the supervisor can deal with the employees’ problems while focusing on work and enhancing safety measures. Conclusion The CEO and HR manager of Utilities Co. were in an unfortunate position of finding an appropriate strategy to lay off workers. Administering layoffs is often difficult because it involves dealing with people and factors that affect work behaviour. This paper analysed the implications of announcing layoffs, the concerns of OHS, the impact of industrial action on the organisation, and proposed an ideal organisation’s plan to communicate the layoff decision to the staff. The major HR implication of CEO’s announcement to lay off staff was that the HR department would work hard to identify redundancies within the company and consequently restructure the working environment. The announcement was received with shock from employees, and it led to decreased morale and productivity. As the HR manager, Maree was required to support her own staff and troubleshoot across the organisation in order to maintain the company’s operations. In addition, the announcement increased the OHS concerns as the news stressed many employees, and they even felt sick. As a response to the announcement, the union’s industrial action interfered with service delivery, but did not stop the company’s stand on dismissing workers. Therefore, the major recommendation for Utilities Co. is to have a feasible plan to communicate the layoff decision to the staff through the following five strategies: good communication strategies, honesty, respect towards employees, asking feedback, ensuring commitment to employees’ safety and wellbeing. References Artz, B 2010, ‘The impact of union experience on job satisfaction’, Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 387–405. Armstrong, M Baron, A 2004, Managing performance: Performance management in action, 2nd edn, CIPD, London. Bateman, TS Snell, SA 2009, Management: Leadin g and collaborating in the competitive world, 8th edn, The McGraw-Hill Companies, New York. Boxall, P Purcell, J 2008, Strategy and human resource management, 2nd edn, Palgrave MacMillan, Basingstoke. Brewster, C 2007, ‘Human resource management: European views and perspectives’, International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 18, pp. 769-787. Chambliss, K 2007, Equal employment advocacy, Working Paper, no. 4-6, Institute for Legal Studies, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison. Decenzo,DA Silhanek, B 2002, Human relations: Personal and professional development, 2nd edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Dekler, M 2007, ‘Healing emotional trauma in organizations: an O.D framework and case study’, Organizational Development Journal, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 49-56. Dragano, N, Verde, P Siegrist, J 2005, ‘Organisational downsizing and work stress: testing synergistic health effects in employed men and women’, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vo l. 59, pp. 694-699. Godard, J 2010, ‘What is best for workers? The implications of workplace and human resource management practices revisited’, Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 466–488. Hershey, P, Blanchard, K Johnson, D 2008, Management of organizational behavior: Leading human resources, 9th edn, Pearson Education, New Jersey. Johnstone, R, Quinlan, M Walters, D 2005, ‘Statutory OHS Workplace Arrangements for the Modern Labour Market’, Journal of Industrial Relations, vol47, no. 1, pp. 93-116. Kramar, R, Bartram, T, De Cieri, H Noe, RA 2011, Human resource management: Strategy, people, performance, 4th edn, McGraw-Hill Education Australia New Zealand, Sydney. Maertz, C P, Wiley, JW, Lerouge, C Campion, MA 2010, ‘Downsizing effects on survivors: Layoffs, offshoring, and outsourcing’, Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 275–285. Moore, S, Gru nberg, L Greenberg, E 2004, ‘Repeated downsizing contact: The effects of similar and dissimilar layoff experiences on work and well-being outcomes’, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 247-257. Mullins, L 2004, Management and organizational behaviour, Pitman Publishing, London. Quill, E 2005, ‘Employer’s liability for bullying and harassment’, International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 645-666. Quinlan, M 2007, ‘Organisational restructuring/downsizing, OHS regulation and worker health and wellbeing’, National Research Centre for OHS Regulation, The Australian National University, Sydney Roethlisberger, F 2009, Management and the worker, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Schmidt, SW 2009, ‘Employee demographics and job training satisfaction: the relationship between dimensions of diversity and satisfaction with job training’, Human Resource Devel opment International, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 297-312. Sverke, M, Hellgren, J Naswall, K 2002, ‘No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences’, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, vol. 7, pp. 242-264. White-Means, S Hersch, J 2005, ‘Health insurance disparities in traditional and contingent/alternative employment’, International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, vol. 5, pp. 351-368.

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Outline Academics Contexts Where English Is Important English Language Essay Oral presentation is synonyms with public speaking or speechmaking. Its may describe as a public speaking which is mean as delivering an address to a public audience. Public speaking also is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence or entertain the listeners. Oral presentation also means as a verbal presentation to a lecturer and possibly other students by an individual student. It may be on a topic researched by the student in the published literature or summary of project work undertaken. Oral presentations mostly deliver in English language. This is show how important to dominate the English language. Outline academics contexts where English is important Firstly, it is agreed that English are importance because English are the worldwide languages. English are the only language that truly links the whole world together. 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The body of presentation The body of a presentation must be presented in a logical order that is easy for the audience to follow and natural of the topic. Divide the content into sections and make sure that the audience knows where they are at any time during the speeches. It is often a good idea to pause between main sections of the speeches. It is agreed to ask for questions, sum up the point or explain what the next point will be. It good to has an OHT with an outline of the talk on it, and can put this on the projector briefly and point to the next section. Examples, details and visual aids add interest to a presentation and help to get the message through. Conclusion of presentation It is important to have a good conclusion. This can reminds the audience of the key points and can reinforces the message. The conclusion should end the presentation on a positive note and make the audience feel that have used their time well listening to our speech. Questions of presentation Many speakers worry about questions from the audience. However, questions show that the audience is interested in the speeches and can make the talk more lively and interactive. Delivery of presentation Voice quality Voice is your main channel of communication to the audience, so make sure use it to its best effect. Volume Voice volume need to be loud and clear. Adjust the volume to the size of the room and make sure the people at the back can hear. In a big room take deep breaths and try to project the voice rather than shout. Speed and fluency Speak at a rate so the audience can understand the points. Do not speed up because have too much material to fit into the time available. Try not to leave long pauses while looking at the notes or use fillers such as um or er. Use pauses to allow the audience to digest an important point. Repeat or rephrase difficult or important points to make sure the audience understands. Clarity Speak clearly. Face the audience and hold the head up. Look directly at the members of the audience while deliver speeches to make the speeches clearly hear. Keep away notes and keep in eyes on the audience when are talking about overhead transparencies. When looking at the whiteboard or the overhead projector, stop a little bit and continue speech when ready to face the audience again. Pronunciation Before making the speech it is important to improve the pronunciation. Try to know how to pronounce names and difficult words. This is because to make audience understand the speech. Engaging the audience One of the secrets of a good presentation is to involve the audience. Maintain eye contact Try to look to audience in the eyes. Spread the eye contact around the audience including those at the back and sides of the room. Avoid looking at anyone too long because this can be intimidating. Ask for feedback Try to involve the audience by asking occasional questions. Try to ask genuine questions to which are not know the answer and show interest in any replies. Leave time for the audience to think and try to avoid answering the questions by ourselves or telling members of the audience that their answers are wrong. Questions to the audience work well when manage to make those who answer them feel that they have contributed to the presentation. Try to pause occasionally to ask if anyone has any questions. If a question disrupts the flow of the speech too much, try to answer it later (but dont forget to do it). Before asking for questions, make sure the speaker are ready to pick up their presentation again when the Q A session has finished. Look confident It is natural to feel nervous in front of an audience. Experienced speakers avoid looking nervous by breathing deeply, speaking slowly and avoiding unnecessary gestures or movements. Smiling and focusing attention on members of the audience who show interest can also help the speaker feel more confident when deliver speeches. Preparing overhead transparencies (OHTs) of presentation Purpose The aim of using transparencies is to support the points when making the speech. The audience will be able to follow better if they can see the key points and examples as well as hearing them. OHTs can Reinforce a point that have made Show what something looks like Illustrate relationships Show information patterns Present figures or graphs Summarize key points Help the audience follow passages or quotations OHTs are not the only form of visual aid available to the speaker. For example, if the speaker want to show what something looks like, it may be better to show the audience the thing itself rather than a picture of it. Design To be effective, OHTs must be attractive and easy to read. Some basic rules are: Use large fonts and images Present one key point or example per OHT Use headings and bullet points in preference to lines of text Use strong colors and dont use too many Use simple graphs in preference to tables of figures Pay attention to layout. Use the centre of the OHT rather than the edges Using overhead projectors Overhead projectors are designed to allow the speaker to project an image while facing the audience. The image may be a picture or graphic, notes indicating the points related to the speech. Whenever use an OHT, the attention of the audience will be divided between then speaker and the image, so there are a few basic rules to follow: Make sure the image can be seen. If possible go to the room in advance and check that everything on the OHTs can be read easily from the back of the room. If possible, make sure the projector is in a convenient position. Decide where the speakers want to stand when speaking and then position the projector where the speakers can get to it easily. This will usually be on the side of the body that normally use for writing (i.e. left side if left-handed) Keep the slides in order in a pile next to the projector and put them back in order in another pile as the speaker take them off the projector. If possible, control the lighting in the room so that there is always a light shining on the speaker. If the OHTs are easy to read, there is no need to turn off the lights. During the presenting, avoid looking at the projected image and the transparency on the projector. It is a good idea to print out the slides on paper to keep with the notes so that can refer to them while deliver the speech. If want to draw attention to a point on an OHT, put a pen on top of it and leave it pointing at the point that the speaker want to draw attention to. Dont point with the finger because this will have to look at the projector while do so. If want the audience to read longer texts on OHTs (e.g. quotations or tables of figures) give them time to do so. There is no point in putting an OHT on the projector if the audience does not have time to read it. Make sure explain the content and purpose of each OHT. The main rule is to use OHTs to support the point during presentation. Dont let them dominate it. OHTs and handouts Some speakers give handouts for the audience to read while they are talking. The advantage of OHTs over handouts is that they focus attention on the presentation. It is often a good idea to wait until the end of the presentation before distributing the handout. Often members of the audience want to note down points from the OHTs. This can distract them from following the presentation, so it is a good idea to distribute information that the audience will want to note down on handout. As soon as someone starts taking notes, tell the audience that they do not need to do so because they will get the information on the handout. Using notes during the speech One of the decisions before giving a presentation is how to remember what are the speakers going to say. Experienced presenters use a variety of methods. On this page we outline the advantages and disadvantages of each. It is up to the speaker to decide which is best for the speech. Speaking without notes Some presenters do not use notes at all. They just remember the outline of what they are going to say and talk. Advantages: If the speaker does it well, they will seem natural, knowledgeable and confident of the topic. They will also find it easier to establish rapport with the audience because they can give them a full attention. Disadvantages: It is easy to lose the thread, miss out whole sections of the talk or to go over the time limit. People who speak without notes often fail to convey a clear idea of the structure of their ideas to the audience. This is a high-risk strategy. A few people can present effectively without notes. Reading from a script Some experienced presenters write down every word they intend to say. They may read the whole script aloud or they may just use it as a back-up. Advantages: It is easier to keep within the time limit if there is likely to less nervous and make fewer mistakes. Disadvantages: It is difficult to establish rapport with the audience. This may sound like reading aloud rather than speaking to an audience. Listeners often lose interest in a presentation that is read aloud. This is a low-risk strategy employed by many experienced non-native speaker presenters. If the speakers use it, they will need to develop the skill of reading aloud while still sounding natural. Few people can do this effectively. Note cards Many presenters write down headings and key points on cards or paper. They use them as reminders of what they are going to say. Advantages: It is easier to establish rapport with the audience. The presentation will be structured but the speaker will sound natural. Disadvantages: It is difficult to keep within the time limit. If the notes are too brief, there is possibility to forget what are intended to say. This is a medium-risk strategy used by many experienced presenters and the one most often recommended. The disadvantages of note cards can be overcome if practice before the speech. Conclusion There is important for us to know what oral presentation is because someday we are going to deliver the speech. We must prepare our knowledge on oral presentation so when time is come we can handle speech very well. We also need to improve our English Language and learn more about grammar and pronunciation because English are important to use in oral presentation.

Therapy Essay -- essays research papers

Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today many people seek professional therapy or counseling for a limited amount of time in order to deal with different life crises. Others seek professional help for the majority of their lives in order to deal with a psychological disorder. After reading this chapter on Therapy, I learned that this was not always the case, and that the way our society views therapy, and the meaning of therapy, has changed dramatically of the years. This chapter not only explains the evolution of therapy, it explores the different therapeutic approaches.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I found chapter thirteen to be very interesting. Learning about the different types of therapy was very helpful. I chose to write about this chapter because of the first section, â€Å"The History of Therapy†. I spent a considerable amount of time reading over this short section and then doing a little research of my own. I googled â€Å"St. Mary of Bethlehem Hospital in London† and read more about the visitors that only had to pay two pence to be amused by the antics of patients. I found that piece of information to be the most interesting because I could not personally imagine being amused by another person’s suffering. However, if that was the norm, I am sure many people did not think twice about just that. I also chose to write about this chapter because it explains the current methods of dealing with personality and psychological disorders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aside fr...

Language Is Not the Only Problem Faced by International Students

Language is not the only problem faced by international students in the UK. To what extent do you agree with this statement? International students are very important for the economic growth of the UK. Number of international students in UK was about 405,910 in 2009 and in 2010 it increased up to 428,225 (which is about 6%). These students play a very important role in UK’s economy and bring huge income to the country. Shane Spiers, managing director of UNITE says â€Å"The UK's higher education sector-and, indeed, the UK economy-rely heavily on the income derived from international students†. As the research from the Department for Business Innovation and Skills called Estimating the value to the UK of Education Experts (June 2011) says that in 2008-2009 income of the tuition fee to the UK was oven than ? 4 billion where ? 2. 4 billion for HE, ? 139 million for FE and ? 880 million for english language. The same BIS research noticed that in 2025 this number could rise as high as ? 26 billion. Another income for UK income comes from science, technology, engineering and mathematics’: 40% of UK postgraduates, 50% of those doing full-time research degrees. English language became an international language and this is one of the main reasons why many students travel to UK to learn english. Another reason is that education in UK is recognized as high level or â€Å"world-class education†. International students in UK can face many problems and the most common one is the language barrier. Even for students who know english it may be hard for them to understand dialect of UK citizens. For example: In class teacher speaks academic english and uses special words which depend on the subject that they are learning.This is a common problem, but teachers are always ready to help students, so in a way, this issue is solved. There are many other problems that could be more serious for the students. International students are living in a foreign cou ntry where they could be victims of racial discrimination or they could face financial difficulties or just feel homesick of their country. Most of the students are inexperienced in living away from their home, so this is their first experience in an unfamiliar environment with different culture and traditions, trying to adapt and co-exist with the others.Evidently at the beginning they can face problems such as culture shock and the difficulties in communication. Two general issues are very popular for most of the international students which are finance managing and making/finding/building friendship. This essay will define three very popular problems that international students may face. Life and education in UK is very expensive and it might be hard for some students to afford it, so they have to borrow large amount of money from their parents or relatives in order to pay for education and life in UK. Students must be very good in managing finances.Comparing cost of products in UK with the cost of products in their home country will be different, so it might be hard for them at the beginning to manage their finances. Mis-allocation of finance can lead to large loss of money and at the end of year students may be left destitute. Apart from this overseas education represents a huge investment by family and students may feel that they have to return this money or at least to make a profit by working in part-time job and limit their expenditures. Students probably may try their best to reduce the pressure on their family.Students will try to concentrate more spend more time looking for work rather than concentrating on studying. Many university activities require membership fees to enter the society and may have further expenses for some trips or extra activities. This could keep away the students from joining the societies or clubs and isolating them from the social part of the university life. This could lead to loneliness and depression. Finance problems ca n push student to reduce the time at work available for study and this can cause academic consequences.According to the managing finances, problems with communication and friendship can happen. The satisfaction level of living in UK is very important and makes a positive impact on academy. This satisfaction can be provided by friendship with other students and more likely with British people. Friendship with local students could be more useful than friendship with co-national by several reasons the main one is the language improvement. However, international students may find it difficult. The reason of that is the big difference in culture or mentality.International students can find their behavior strange or dissimilar in contrast with people in their homeland. Communication is not just talking, it also contains eye contact, body language, tone of voice and even national privileges. All together they can make communication very easy or can be a cause of disaffection. For instance, international students may struggle with eye contact – when to give eye contact or where to look away and do not make people feel uncomfortable. Tone of voice also can be a reason of misunderstanding.The rules of communication people get from their parents and mentality and to change them can be hard. Finally, international students can have a problem known as â€Å"culture shock†. First this problem was defined by Canadian anthropologist Kalervo Oberg in 1960. Dr. Oberg stated that culture shock is â€Å"the anxiety that results from losing familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse†. The most common signs of â€Å"culture shock† are homesickness, avoiding contact with the locals, marital stress, loss of concentration, frequent desire to cry, and losses of all the aims in UK.Mostly duration of culture shock is 6 month but for some student may be longer. During this time students are comparing new country to their homeland. In conclusion, internati onal students in UK face many problems apart from the language barrier. All of these problems may have a negative impact on studies. However, solving these problems will help students to become morally stronger and more responsible. These three general problems can teach an international student how to adapt fast in a new country in his or her future life.These problems cannot stay unsolved and if students are struggling with them in university they can find some free tutorials and tutors who can give a good advice about how to juggle study with solving these problems. References Sally Adamson Taylor (2010,). Retrieved from http:// americansintoulouse. com/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=13&Itemid=47 Machalicek W. , Ganz J. B. , Flores . M. , Zimbelman M (2005-2009) Retrieved from http://www. asdvisualaids. com/social-communication-difficulties. htmlShane Spiers, (2011, June). Retrieved from http://ukcisa. org. uk , http://smartmoverelocate. com Colleen Ward, Stephen Bochner, Adrian Furnham (2001) Retrieved from book: The Psychology of Culture Shock (Second edition) Maureen S. , Andrade and Norman W. Evans (2009) Retrieved from book: International students – Strengthening a Critical Resource. Published by Rowman & Littlefield Education. Nannette Rundle Carroll (2010) Retrieved from book: The Communication Problem Solver. Simple tools and Techniques for Busy Managers

Walker Percy essays

Walker Percy essays When a tourist first comes to USA, there are many places that he is told to visit. He can go to see Statue of Liberty, Empire State building, Mountain Rushmore, Grand Canyon. These places are all interesting, informative and fun places to visit. But can the tourist really experience everything at these locations? Walker Percy in his essay, The Loss of the Creature discusses how through preconceptions and the surrender of our sovereignty, humans lose the ability to experience life, and its elements, in fresh and innovative ways. Percy begins his essay with an example of the visitor who always wanted to visit Grand Canyon and his experience by the ideas and thoughts of what it should be when he was there. The second part of his essay he discusses the differences between learning with and without the surprise of the discovery at the educational system. Humans have lost the surprise of discovery because of the preconceptions they bring to experience. Percy states, The highest point, the term of the sightseers satisfaction, is not the sovereign discovery of the thing before him; it is rather the measuring up of the thing to the preformed symbolic complex. When we are experiencing something instead of perceiving it based on its own merits, we try to see what we have already learned about that place or subject. He offers many ways to go about retrieving the loss. Percy says, It may be recovered by leaving the beaten track(566). He suggests to choose the road less traveled by. He also wants us to make a track of our own and choose our own direction. Percy recommends recovery through national disaster or a break down of symbolic machinery(567). Through a national disaster something that used to be no longer exists. That which has stood through the years becomes more powerful when destroyed. Best example for this is World Trade Center maybe after September 11 ...

The Lost World, Michael Crichton. Explains the book and gives a personal critique of it

The Lost World, Michael Crichton. Explains the book and gives a personal critique of it I read Michael Crichton's The Lost World. ‚Â ® In the following paragraphs, I will not only explain the book, but also give my critique of it. I will also give a paragraph that was probably the best paragraph in the book, in my opinion.The book starts out with Ian Malcolm, a mathematician who had already had an experience with live dinosaurs a couple of years ago on another island. He has pretty much blocked that experience from his mind. Anyway, it also talks about a man named Doctor Levine. This man talks at a lecture that Malcolm is watching about the theory of there being a lost world, an island, undiscovered, that has extinct animals on it, particularly dinosaurs. Malcolm dismisses this idea saying that is the dumbest thing he ever heard. After the lecture, Levine talks to Malcolm to help him in finding this 'Lost World.' Malcolm again dismisses him.The Lost World (Crichton novel)After a couple weeks of Levine nagging him, he sort of gets more into the idea, and starts to b elieve it. Levine Narrows it down to one island, Isla Sorna, and just leaves without telling anyone.Two of Levine's students, Kelly and Arby, get worried when he wasn't there to teach their class, because they were supposed to go on a field trip with him that day. They go to a guy named Doctor Thorne, a guy that was making specialized equipment for their trip. He said that he didn't know what was going on. They contact Malcolm and they go to Levine's apartment. They go to his computer room and see all this stuff on the wall about site B. They go onto the computer and Arby gets all this stuff about site B on it. Malcolm then finds out that the island that Levine...

Criminal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal law - Essay Example I believe that more than the definition of crime, citizens are more concerned on what makes an act or omission a crime. The latter keeps them out of trouble and out of the ambit of criminal justice system. Crime is relative. An act may be a crime in the UK but is legally permissible in another country. It all depends on the sovereign state’s law-making body whether or not to declare certain actions or inactions as crime. Although there are acts which are declared as crime in all jurisdictions, for instance, murder, there will never be a universal consensus as to what constitutes a crime. As a necessary consequence, there will never be a universal benchmark in measuring crime levels in each country. In the UK, I am of the opinion that our criminal laws and changes thereon does not necessarily result in changes in UK crime levels. This is because the Home Office has developed its own method of counting crimes and arriving at an annual crime statistics which is rather independent of our criminal laws. Noteworthy of this method is the â€Å"one crime per victim† and â€Å"no victim no crime† policy followed by the police force in recording crimes (â€Å"Overcoming Barriers†, 24). This policy departs from the principles of criminal law which tells us that a single act may result in one or more crimes. However, insofar as the police and its recording is concerned, when two or more crimes result from a single act, then only the most serious crime is recorded. It therefore, undermines the influence of our criminal laws in addressing crime levels in the country. More penal laws which mean more act or omission are declared as crime does not necessarily mean higher crime levels. Conversely, decriminalizing some crimes will not necessarily result in lower crime statistics in the UK. There is therefore an imperative for the official crime statistics to reflect the criminal laws enforced in the country. This will ensure that when citizens read the Home Office’s newly release crime statistics, it does reflect the true state of crime and security situation in the country. 2. Criminal offences usually require actus reus and mens rea, although some crimes are crimes of strict liability.   (i) Explain, using examples, the meaning of the term actus reus.   The term actus reus refers to the malfeasance and nonfeasance which must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt in order to convict the accused. Stated otherwise, actus reus means the overt act or the failure to act which when coupled with material circumstances and consequences produces a crime. It may also include a particular state of affairs which may come in combination with the act or omission. Actus reus is a material element of a crime. In order to incur criminal liability, an act must be voluntary. It must not be coerced or performed involuntarily as in the case of being in a state of hypnotism and automatism. However, when the accused came under the aforementio ned state of involuntary movements under their own fault or will, these will not serve as exculpatory circumstance in favor of the accused. Needless to state, self-induced intoxication will never be a defense and will never bar prosecution for the crime committed while under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Actus reus as an omission must stem from a lawful duty which may be established from statute, contract or relationship. A concrete example of

Anthropology is holistic in including the study of humans as both Essay

Anthropology is holistic in including the study of humans as both biological organisms and as cultural of social organisms - Essay Example Right from its definition, anthropology describes the study of all spheres of humankind. Anthropology studies the overall human society by examining the broad vista of the human life right from the origin of mankind to the modern forms of life taking into consideration various salient features such as the variations in cultural disposition in different societies around the world as well as the entire man’s social life. In addressing the complex human life, anthropology explores the corners of the entire block by dividing the human society into four main blocks which include: the human politics, the socioeconomic configuration of the human society, the religious perspectives in the diverse human life and the aspect of the general ideology in man. This gives a holistic perspective in elaborating the entire panorama in understanding man in his changing interrelationships with each other as well as with the surrounding environment. Besides, anthropology studies the contemporary so ciety by paying a keen visit to the man’s past or history and evolutionary processes further giving it a holistic approach in relating man’s past with the present in order to come up with an all round description of the human society giving it a better understanding in a chronological manner (Washburn). In dealing with the human society, anthropology views the society in two main perspectives: man’s biological environments as well as his cultural environments. The biological anthropology deals with the study of human origins from a biological point of view while the cultural anthropology studies man’s cultural backgrounds usually along a historical path. Biological anthropology as a sub branch of anthropology, deals with the study of the corporeal growth in human genus hence playing a very crucial role in the learning of human beginnings as well as in the identification and classification of human fossils to reconstruct the theory of man’s evolutio n from a scientific point of view. It borrows more from the human body capacity (anthropometrics), human genetics as well as from human osteology. Besides, anthropology helps in categorizing man and other primates based on the study of their brain evolution and development over time in order to come up with a chronological account in reconstructing the changes in human society (Marks). Moreover, biomedical anthropology as a sub branch of anthropology has also contributed immensely in the anthropological exploration of the biological world in relation to the medical field. Even though this is mainly well developed in the United States where biomedical anthropology holds a higher rank, the sub discipline adequately helps in relating medicine and anthropology by incorporating ideas and knowledge from the biological and medical anthropology sub-disciplines. Thus, it can be strongly argued that biomedical anthropology has contributed in improving medical and biomedical sciences through t he holistic integration of the cross- cultural, behavioural and epidemiological points of view on health related matters. As an academic discipline therefore, biomedical anthropology has been closely related to human biology. Biology can also be closely linked to the typological studies in anthropology. Typology in anthropology deals with the categorization of the human kind based on the physical traits possessed by each person. These include those traits that can be readily